Towards a just monetary system

CONTENTS Foreword - Khurshid Ahmad 9 Preface 15 Introduction: The Perspective. 19 Roots of the Crisis 19 Role of the Banking System 22 The Dilemma 24 The Human Dimension 25 The Islamic Blueprint. 26 Scope of the Book. 30 Chapter 1: The Goals and Strategy 33 THE GOALS Economic Well-being with Full Employment and 'Optimum' Rate of Growth 34 Socio-Economic Justice and Equitable Distribution of Income and Wealth 36 Stability in the Value of Money 37 Indexation. 39 Unemployment and Inflaiton Trade-off. 42 Mobilisation of Savings. 44 Rendering Other Services 44 THE STRATEGY 45 Chapter 2: The Nature of Ribā 55 The Prohibition of Ribā 56 The Meaning of Ribā 56 Ribā al-Nasī’ ah 57 Ribā al-Fadl 58 Consumption and Production Loans. 62 Concluding Remarks 64 5 Chapter 3: The Alternative 67 Equity Financing. 68 Channels of Equity. 69 Sole Proprietorship 69 Partnership. 71 A Combination of Sole Proprietorship and Partnership. 72 Joint Stock Companies. 73 Cooperation 74 Historical Experience. 75 Chapter 4: Some Fundamental Reforms 81 Saving and Investing 82 Moderation in Spending 82 Elimination of Hoardings. 85 Efficient Use of Savings. 86 Government Spending. 86 Increased Equity Financing 87 Reducing the Power of Banks 90 A Sane Stock Market 95 Concluding Remarks. 100 Chapter 5: Objections and Rationale 107 Allocation of Resources 107 Savings and Capital Formation 111 Stability 117 Economic Growth. 122 Losses Incurred on Deposits 125 Short-Term Loans 129 Instalment Credit 131 Government Borrowing Needs 133 Chapter 6: Institutional Setting 147 The Central Bank. 147 Functions 148 Crisis Handling 149 Supervision 151 Allocation of Credit 152 Pioneering Role 152 Commercial Banks 154 The Essential Differences 154 6 Some Issues. 157 Resource Mobilisation 159 Resource Use. 160 Forms of Investment 164 Mudārabah, Shirkah and Corporation. 165 Other Forms of Investment 166 Lease Finance. 167 Investment Auctioning. 169 Bay‘ al-mu’ajjal and Bay‘ al- murābahah 170 The Remaining Alternatives 172 Social Welfare Dimension 174 Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs) 175 Specialised Credit Institutions 178 Deposit Insurance Corporation (DIC) 179 Investment Audit Corporation (lAC) 181 Chapter 7: Monetary Policy. 187 The Strategy. 187 Sources of Monetary Expansion. 190 Fiscal Deficits 190 Commercial Bank Credit Creation 193 Balance of Payments Surplus or Deficit 193 Instruments of Monetary Policy 194 Target Growth in M and Mo 194 Public Share of Demand Deposits 196 Statutory Reserve Requirement 197 Credit Ceilings 199 Value-Oriented Allocation of Credit. 199 Other Techniques 201 Conclusion. 205 Some Questions 206 Chapter 8: Evaluation 215 The Islamic Approach 215 Capital Formation, Growth and Stability. 216 Monetary Health 219 Discipline in Government Spending 220 Justice with a Bountiful Bonus 221 Chapter 9: The Transition 223 7 The Three Characteristics 223 The Revival of Values. 225 Reforms Related to the Banking System. 227 The Different Steps 228 Major Obstacle. 231 Appendix I: Ribā in the Qur’ān, Hadīth and Fiqh 235 1.1 Ribā in the Qur’ān. 235 1.2.Ribā in hadīth 236 General. 236 Ribā al-nasī’ah 237 Ribā al-fadl 238 1.3 Ribā in Fiqh 240 Appendix ll: Mudārabah, Shirkah and the Corporation 247 Mudārabah 247 Shirkah 251 The Corporation. 255 Glossary of Arabic Terms Used in the Book. 261 Selected Bibliography 267 Index 283