While South Asians are among the fastest growing immigrant groups in the country, there is a dearth of empirically based research on their identity and intergroup relations. This dissertation examines racial, ethnic, and religious identity, intergroup attitudes and relations, and responses to 9/11 among South Asians in the Washington, DC area. Three kinds of data were collected: (1) in-depth interviews with 120 first-, 1.5-, and second-generation informants (community leaders) and respondents (community members); (2) demographic background survey data; and (3) participant observation at various political, social, cultural, and religious events. The interview sample included the following subgroups: Indian Hindus, Pakistani Muslims, and Sikhs of South Asian descent. The central theme that runs throughout the dissertation is the degree to which the respondents are "becoming South Asian." The process of becoming South Asian often began when individuals of South Asian descent compared and contrasted themselves to other racial groups, and they, in a sense, became South Asian in relation to other groups. The post-9/11 backlash played a role in forcing the respondents to confront their racialized identities as South Asians, as they often realized they were viewed as members of a racial minority. However, the backlash affected the Indian Hindus, Pakistani Muslims, and Sikhs in the sample in different ways, and therefore their response in terms of identification, political participation, and political mobilization has also differed.
The overarching question asked in the dissertation is: Will individuals of South Asian descent become American, will they become South Asian, or will they choose to retain their ethnic and/or religious identities? The findings suggest that over time and across generations, the respondents in the study are becoming South Asian, which has arguably emerged as a distinct racial, political, and cultural identity. At the same time, they are also "becoming American" by assimilating both structurally and culturally into the American middle-class mainstream. The respondents may, however, take different paths of religious adaptation, with Indian Hindus assimilating into the mainstream, Pakistani Muslims moving toward a pan-Muslim identity, and Sikhs becoming their own ethno-religious group, similar to the Jews.
