Manufacturing plants' use of temporary workers

"Using plant-level data from the Plant Capacity Utilization (PCU) Survey, we examine how a manufacturing plant's use of temporary workers is associated with the nature of its output fluctuations. Our empirical evidence suggests that plants choose temps over perms when they expect output to fall, which allows them to avoid costs associated with laying off permanent employees. We also found that plants whose output levels are associated with greater levels of uncertainty use more temps. The effects of other variables are also tested in order to examine the validity of various views about why firms use temporary workers. The variables we look at include wage and benefit levels for permanent workers, unionization rates, turnover rates, seasonal factors, and plant size and age"--Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago web site.