Late Ottoman educational system in the Balkans in the light of the ijāzahs

"The study of ijāzah tradition, its history and its impact is somehow neglected by both Muslim and non-Muslim researchers and scholars alike. This significantly unique tradition of the Muslim educational system has a long history as it emerged and developed parallel to Islamic education itself, and was in practice for more than a millennium. However, after adapting the new educational system during the late 19th century and throughout 20th century until the present, the tradition of granting ijāzah drastically began to decline and to extent became a part of history as it was practised among countable scholars, who express their will to keep this distinctive Muslim tradition alive. During the 3rd century of Hijrah/9th century of C.E., this tradition had a strong impact to the higher learning institutions of Europe, where it is believed that granting diploma/license was the product of the Muslim tradition of ijāzah, but in terms of the form and content the former differed completely from the latter. Besides the central regions of the Muslim world, the ijāzah system appeared and practised extensively in the periphery, where this can be clearly seen in the regions of Southeast Asia and Southeast Europe. Though modern-day diploma replaced ijāzah, this practice is still alive in certain parts of these regions; however, it is not recognised "officially" by the government higher learning institutions. Up to this moment, this research managed to interview and discuss with number of 'ulamā who have been granted ijāzah from their preceding scholars from various countries of the Balkans. Thank to this 'ulamā, this work have managed to obtain copies of their original ijāzahs. In this study, based on these invaluable sources available to the reasearcher, it studies the detailed information contained in these documents from various aspects, such curriculum, books, studied, and transmission of knowledge. After doing so, it tries to compare and contrast with the practice and the content of this tradition in other parts of the Muslim world."--Page [4] of cover.