Ingênuos e libertos

"Compares situation of libertos from 1871-90s in Campinas and Itu. The more rural Itu enjoyed a relatively stable situation with the law working more or less as envisioned, whereas in Campinas the more fluid environment threatened the libertos and their families with becoming lost among the general urban poor. The key institution in these years was tutela, by which the libertos and their families gained some security and ex-masters formalized control over the childrens' labor"--Handbook of Latin American Studies, v. 58.