"A sanguine bunch"

In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the small and easternmost crownland of Bukovina was exceptional in many ways. It was a relatively new addition to the Imperial territory and very much its proper creation: never before had the area with its Habsburg borders been a separate entity before. Subsequently, the large waves of emigrants the authorities encouraged to settle in there would change its character profoundly. As national activism in other Austrian crownlands intensified and gradually intoxicated political and social relations, Bukovina with its many languages and religious denominations was increasingly perceived as a role model of tolerance and diversity. During the final decades of the Empire’s existence, Bukovina was consciously deployed as a pars pro toto for a utopian Austria in which the manifold national identifications were to enhance the State rather than to undermine it. 0As the Habsburg Empire, struggling to perform the balancing act between Viennese central power and increasing nationalist demands from all over its territory, tried to position itself with all its diversity as ‘a model for Europe’, inside its borders something similar occurred: both in- and outside the crownland, the commonplace of ‘Little Austria’ with its Viennese orientation and its vibrant cultural life gained ground.