Archaic bookkeeping

Archaic bookkeeping

by Robert K. Englund, Peter Damerow, Hans Jörg Nissen, Hans J. Nissen

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This work brings together current scholarship on the earliest true writing system in human history. Invented by the Babylonians at the end of the fourth millennium BC, this script, called proto-cuneiform, survives in the form of clay tablets that have until now posed formidable barriers to interpretation. Many tablets, excavated in fragments from ancient dump sites, lack a clear context. In addition, the purpose of the earliest tablets was not to record language but to monitor the administration of local economies by means of a numerical system.

Discussion questions for Archaic bookkeeping

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  1. 1

    How does the revelation that writing was originally invented not to record poetry, literature, or spoken language, but purely for economic administration and bookkeeping, alter your perception of the history of human communication?

  2. 2

    In our modern era of digital spreadsheets and automated transactions, how do you personally keep track of your own daily resources, debts, or obligations, and how has that process evolved in your lifetime?

  3. 3

    The authors explore how proto-cuneiform emerged from the necessity of managing complex local economies in ancient Babylonia; what does this tell us about the relationship between human social complexity and the tools we invent to manage it?

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