Biophysical and molecular determinants in cell tension-mediated fibronectin unfolding that drive fibrillogenesis

Assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein fibronectin (FN) is a mechanical process that involves cell binding to FN through cell surface integrin receptors and application of tensional forces generated in the cell's contractile actin cytoskeleton. Deformation-induced exposure of cryptic sites, defined as buried molecular recognition sites, in FN has been proposed as a mechanism by which cell tension drives FN fibrillogenesis. The primary integrin attachment site on FN is the RGD loop in the 10FNIII domain. In this thesis, I set out to define the molecular biophysical mechanism by which cell tension application at the RGD site promotes unfolding and thereby induces FN-FN self-assembly leading to matrix fibril formation. Chapter 1 of this dissertation provides an overview of the current knowledge behind the biophysical and molecular basis of FN assembly in the ECM and its key role in development and disease. In Chapter 2, steered molecular dynamic simulations show that the 10FNIII domain under force applied through its N-terminus and RGD loop (N-to-RGD) unfolds to a preferred kinetic intermediate with solvent-exposed N-terminal hydrophobic residues in a manner different from past analyses in the literature where force through the N- and C- termini leads to multiple unfolding pathways. Use of single-molecule atomic force spectroscopy in Chapter 3 experimentally reveals that a mechanically stable intermediate of 10FNIII exposed by N-to-RGD pulling shows a length extension that agrees with the predicted kinetic intermediate. Results of biochemical and cellular studies using synthetic peptides with sequences from the 10FNIII intermediate show in Chapter 4 that the twenty-three amino acid sequence that spans the unraveled N-terminus of the predicted intermediate mediates FN multimerization and contains a minimal seven amino acid sequence we call the multimerization motif that is sufficient to induce FN-FN multimer assembly. Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the new insights supported by this work regarding the role that mechanical forces applied at the cell binding site in 10FNIII plays in the physiological unfolding of FN with respect to FN fibrillogenesis and ECM assembly.