Data Communication

Data Communication and NetworksData communication - Components, data representation, direction of flow.Networks - Network criteria, network hardware, network software, protocol hierarchy, design issues for the layer, ISO OSI reference model.Signals - Analog signals, digital signal, analog verses digital signal, data rate limits, transmission impairment, throughput, propagation speed, propagation time, wavelength etc.Digital Transmission and Analog TransmissionDigital transmission - line coding, characteristics, schemes, Block coding, transformation and common block codes, Sampling - PAM, PCM, Nyquist's theorem, bit rate, transmission modes.Analog transmission - Analog modulation, AM, FM, PM Digital modulation, ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, Bit/baud comparison.Telephone modems - Modem standards, traditional modems, 56K modems etc.MultiplexingFDM, Multiplexing process, de-multiplexing process, applications of FDM, WDM, TDM - Time slots, frames, interleaving, synchronization, bit padding, DSS, T-Lines, inverse TDM, Applications of TDM.Transmission media - Guided media, twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber optics, unguided media, radio waves, microwaves, infrared.Switching - Circuit switching, packet switching and message switching.Telephone networks - components, LATAs making connections, analog services and digital services.Error Detection and CorrectionTypes of errors, single bit burst errors. Detections - redundancy, parity, CRC, checksum, Error correction - Correction by retransmission, FEC, burst error correction.Flow control and error control - stop and wait ARQ, Go Back-N ARQ, selective repeat ARQ.Ethernet - Traditional Ethernet, fast Ethernet, gigabit Ethernet.Multiple access - random access, MA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, control access, FDMA, TDMA and CDMA.IEEE 802.3, 802.4, 802.5 X.21, X.25, SDLC/HDLC protocol standards.Network connecting devices - repeater, bridge, router, gateway, hub etc.