A Holy Land for the Catholic monarchy

Scholars have often commented on the 'biblicization' of the Spanish Monarchy under Philip II (r. 1556-1598). In contrast to the predominantly neo-Roman image projected by his father, Charles I/V (r. 1516/9-1556), Philip presented himself as an Old Testament monarch in the image of David or Solomon, complementing this image with a program of patronage, collecting, and scholarship meant to remake his kingdom into a literal 'New Jerusalem.' This dissertation explores how, encouraged by the scholarly 'discovery' of typological similarities and hidden connections between Spain and the Holy Land, sixteenth-century Spaniards stumbled upon both the form and content of a discourse of `national' identity previously lacking in Spanish history. The dissertation is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter, I examine three factors--the rise of humanist exegesis, a revitalized tradition of learned travel, and the close relationship between the crown and the Franciscan Order that contributed to the development of a more historicized picture of the Holy Land in sixteenth-century Spanish sources. In Chapter Two, I focus on the humanist historian Ambrosio de Morales' efforts to defend the authenticity of Holy Land relics in Spanish collections. I argue that Morales developed a 'logic' of authentication, based on a philosophy of history first developed as a student of the Dominican theologian Melchor Cano, that symbolically transformed Spain's Holy Land relics into national treasures. n Chapter Three, I focus on one aspect of Benito Arias Montano's biblical commentary, demonstrating how he made use of Sephardic sources and his knowledge of sacred geography to invent one of the most enduring legends of early modern Spanish historiography: that Spain was settled by Jews brought from the Holy Land by Nebuchadnezzar during the Babylonian Captivity. Finally, in Chapter Four I focus on Spanish efforts to build architectural replicas of the Holy Places (ie. Holy Sepulchers, Via Crucis, etc.) on Iberian soil. I argue that these replicas belong to a larger discourse according to which Spain, by replicating certain salient measures and features of the topography of the Holy Land, was itself considered to be a New Jerusalem.