J. Salwyn Schapiro

• Anticlericalism; conflict between church and state in France, Italy, and Spain
• Modern and contemporary European history (1815-1928)
• Modern and contemporary European history (1815-1941)
• Modern and contemporary European history, 1815-1940
• Anticlericalism
• Condorcet and the rise of liberalism
• Liberalism
• Liberalism and the challenge of Fascism
• Modern and Contemporary European History, 1815-1945
• Modern and Contemporary European History, 1815-1952
• Movements of Social Dissent in Modern Europe
• Social reform and the reformation